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Olympe de Gouges ((:olɛ̃p də ɡuʒ); 7 May 1748 – 3 November 1793), born Marie Gouze, was a French playwright and political activist whose feminist and abolitionist writings reached a large audience. She began her career as a playwright in the early 1780s. As political tension rose in France, Olympe de Gouges became increasingly politically engaged. She became an outspoken advocate for improving the condition of slaves in the colonies of 1788. At the same time, she began writing political pamphlets. Today she is perhaps best known as an early feminist who demanded that French women be given the same rights as French men. In her ''Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen'' (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male–female inequality. She was executed by guillotine during the Reign of Terror for attacking the regime of the Revolutionary government and for her close relation with the Girondists. ==Biography== Marie Gouze was born into a petit bourgeois family in 1748 in Montauban, Quercy (in the present-day department of Tarn-et-Garonne), in southwestern France. She believed that she was the illegitimate daughter of Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan and his rejection of her claims upon him may have influenced her passionate defence of the rights of illegitimate children.〔 (also see (Olympe de Gouges, a Daughter of Quercy on her Way to the Panthéon ) on Quercy.net)〕 In 1765 she married Louis Aubry, a caterer, who came from Paris with the new Intendant of the town. This was not a marriage of love. Gouze said in a semi-autobiographical novel (''フランス語:Mémoire de Madame de Valmont contre la famille de Flaucourt''), "I was married to a man I did not love and who was neither rich nor well-born. I was sacrificed for no reason that could make up for the repugnance I felt for this man." Her husband died a year later, and in 1770 she moved to Paris with her son, Pierre, and took the name of ''Olympe de Gouges''.〔 In 1773, according to her biographer Olivier Blanc, she met a wealthy man, Jacques Biétrix de Rozières, with whom she had a long relationship that ended during the revolution. She was received in the artistic and philosophical ''フランス語:salons'', where she met many writers, including La Harpe, Mercier, and Chamfort as well as future politicians such as Brissot and Condorcet. She usually was invited to the ''フランス語:salons'' of Madame de Montesson and the Comtesse de Beauharnais, who also were playwrights. She also was associated with Masonic Lodges among them, the ''Loge des Neuf Sœurs'' that was created by her friend Michel de Cubières. De Gouges lived with several men who supported her financially. She strove to move among the aristocracy and to abandon her provincial accent. In 1784, the year that her putative biological father died, she began her career as a public intellectual, and over the remaining nine years of her life she wrote some forty works - essays, manifestos, literary treatises, political pamphlets and socially conscious plays. In 1784, she wrote the anti-slavery play ''Zamore and Mirza''. For several reasons, the play was not performed until 1789. De Gouges published it, however, as ''フランス語:Zamore et Mirza, ou l'heureux naufrage'' ("英語:Zamore and Mirza, or the happy shipwreck") in 1788. It was performed as ''フランス語:L'Esclavage des nègres'' ("英語:Slavery of the negroes") in December of 1789, but shut down after three performances. Subsequently, it was published in 1792 under the title ''フランス語:L'Esclavage des noirs''.〔Chalaye, Sylvie. ''L'Esclavage des nègres'', L'Harmattan 2006.〕 She also wrote on such gender-related topics as the right of divorce and argued in favour of sexual relations outside of marriage. As an epilogue to the 1788 version of her play ''Zamore et Mirza'', she published ''フランス語:Réflexions sur les hommes nègres'' ("英語:Reflections on the negroes"). In 1790 she wrote a play, ''フランス語:Le Marché des Noirs'' ("英語:The Black Market") which was rejected by the Comédie Française; the text was burned after her death. In 1808 the Abbé Grégoire included her on his list of the courageous people who pleaded the cause of "les nègres." A passionate advocate of human rights, Olympe de Gouges greeted the outbreak of the Revolution with hope and joy, but soon became disenchanted when ''フランス語:égalité'' (equal rights) was not extended to women. In 1791, she became part of the Society of the Friends of Truth, an association with the goal of equal political and legal rights for women. Also called the "Social Club", members sometimes gathered at the home of the well-known women's rights advocate, Sophie de Condorcet. Here, De Gouges expressed, for the first time, her famous statement, "A woman has the right to mount the scaffold. She must possess equally the right to mount the speaker's platform." That same year, in response to the ''Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen'', she wrote the ''フランス語:Déclaration des droits de la Femme et de la Citoyenne'' ("英語:Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen"). This was followed by her ''フランス語:Contrat Social'' ("英語:Social Contract", named after a famous work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau), proposing marriage based upon gender equality. She became involved in almost any matter she believed to involve injustice. She opposed the execution of Louis XVI of France, partly out of opposition to capital punishment and partly because she preferred a relatively tame and living king to the possibility of a rebel regency in exile. This earned her the ire of many hard-line republicans, even into the next generation—such as the comment by the 19th-century historian Jules Michelet, a fierce apologist for the Revolution, who wrote, "She allowed herself to act and write about more than one affair that her weak head did not understand."〔J. Michelet, ''フランス語:La Révolution Française''.〕 Michelet opposed any political participation by women and thus disliked de Gouges.〔See Charles Monselet, ''フランス語:Les Oubliés et les Dédaignés'' (Forgotten and the Scorned ). See also Joan Scott in ''Rebel Daughters''.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Olympe de Gouges」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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